10/14/2012

Brown: Millions of kids face her fight

The shooting of Malala Yousafzai has provoked outrage in her native Pakistan and across the globe.
The shooting of Malala Yousafzai has provoked outrage in her native Pakistan and across the globe.
  • Malala Yousafzai was shot by Taliban simply because she wanted to go to school
  • Brown: Malala's plight highlights struggle for education millions of children face
  • Condoleezza Rice: Education the "civil rights issue of our generation"
  • Nations also must work harder to end child labor, enforce laws against child marriage

Editor's note: Gordon Brown served as Britain's Prime Minister between 2007 and 2010 after a decade as the country's finance minister, or Chancellor of the Exchequer. In July this year he was appointed as a United Nations Special Envoy on Global Education by Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.

(CNN) -- News that a 14-year-old Pakistani girl was gunned down by the Taliban simply because she wanted to go to school has sparked a wave of protests and condemnation across the world.

As she fights for her life in hospital, Malala Yousafzai is being adopted as every child's sister and every parent's daughter.

Wearing "I am Malala" t-shirts, young people in Pakistan are not only challenging the Taliban's brutality and dogma, they're boldly affirming the right of every child to education.

Read: Wounded Malala's progress 'steady'

The protests reveal a generation no longer willing to tolerate the gap between the promise of opportunity for all and the reality for millions of boys and girls shut out from even the most basic of primary schooling. Indeed, they are doing more to assert their right to education than the leaders who promised to deliver it.

Gordon Brown

Photos: Pakistanis pray for recovery

If there is one idea that has been pre-eminent in the modern world, it is that every child should have the opportunity through schooling to rise as far as their talents can take them. For decades we have assumed the inevitability of the forward march of education, the inexorable year-on-year, continent-by-continent progress towards universal education.

14-year-old activist clings to life

But if there is one reality that exposes our failure to deliver, it is that there are 61 million young children like Malala who will not go to school today or any other day. Written off at five and six years old, they will never be able to bridge the gap between what they are and what they have in themselves to become.

Filmmaker on activist's shooting

Read: The Malalas you'll never meet

Activist 'inspires Pakistan students'

New figures to be published by UNESCO on Tuesday will show that birth and background -- where you come from and who you were born to -- matters far more in deciding your child's prospects than talent and merit, and that for millions of children educational opportunity is a hollow promise.

A women like Malala

Fifteen million children under 14 who should be at school are working full time around the world. Every year, ten million girls leave education to become child brides and never return to school. Millions more are trafficked. And the UNESCO report will highlight the shameful neglect of 28 million refugee girls and boys, displaced children living in the camp tents and shacks of broken down regimes and conflict zones with no teachers or schoolbooks.

In some areas of the world, such as in Africa and the Indian subcontinent, progress is not just stalling but is sliding backwards. By current global trends education for all will be a distant dream until at least 2064.

When I visited South Sudan, the newest country in the world where there are more than 100,000 girls aged between 14 and 16, only 400 are at school. As these girls and others become connected globally -- through the Internet and other ways -- while still denied education locally, their impatience at their fate will grow. The absence of genuine educational opportunity for millions has become, in the words of former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, "the civil rights issue of our generation."

The power of one young voice

I have never believed that the wealthy must do badly for the poor to do well. Such a politics of envy holds no attractions. When, however, the advantages of birth and background account for 80% of global inequality, we cannot sit back and do nothing. The way forward is to invest in education to bridge the opportunity gap. Too often we allow girls to be excluded from school without much complaint, and we continue to tolerate child labor and child marriage. Meanwhile in the West, we are willing to pay upwards of $100,000 to school our children when much of the world invests just $400 per child -- 250 times less.

A Pakistani youth places an oil lamp next to a photograph of teen activist Malala Yousufzai on Friday, October 12, in Karachi. Malala, 14, was shot in the head by the Pakistan Taliban in an assassination attempt on Tuesday.A Pakistani youth places an oil lamp next to a photograph of teen activist Malala Yousufzai on Friday, October 12, in Karachi. Malala, 14, was shot in the head by the Pakistan Taliban in an assassination attempt on Tuesday.
Pakistani school girls pray for the recovery of teen activist Malala Yousufzai at their school in Peshawar on Friday.Pakistani school girls pray for the recovery of teen activist Malala Yousufzai at their school in Peshawar on Friday.
Pakistani hospital workers carry Malala on a stretcher at a hospital following the attack on Tuesday, October 9. Malala was shot in the head while riding home in a school van in the Taliban-heavy Swat Valley, officials said. Pakistani hospital workers carry Malala on a stretcher at a hospital following the attack on Tuesday, October 9. Malala was shot in the head while riding home in a school van in the Taliban-heavy Swat Valley, officials said.
Supporters hold portraits of Malala as they pray for her well-being in Karachi, Pakistan, on Wednesday. Malala gained fame for blogging about how girls should have rights in Pakistan, including the right to learn. Supporters hold portraits of Malala as they pray for her well-being in Karachi, Pakistan, on Wednesday. Malala gained fame for blogging about how girls should have rights in Pakistan, including the right to learn.
A Pakistani Muslim prays for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi. Malala, whose writing earned her Pakistan's first National Peace Prize, also encouraged young people to take a stand against the Taliban -- and to not hide in their bedrooms.A Pakistani Muslim prays for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi. Malala, whose writing earned her Pakistan's first National Peace Prize, also encouraged young people to take a stand against the Taliban -- and to not hide in their bedrooms.
Supporters place candles to pay tribute to Malala in Islamabad on Wednesday.Supporters place candles to pay tribute to Malala in Islamabad on Wednesday.
A Pakistani female activist holds a photograph of Malala and prays for her recovery in Islamabad on Saturday.A Pakistani female activist holds a photograph of Malala and prays for her recovery in Islamabad on Saturday.
Pakistani students pray for Malala at a school in Mingora on Thursday.Pakistani students pray for Malala at a school in Mingora on Thursday.
Pakistani Muslims bow their heads and pray for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi.Pakistani Muslims bow their heads and pray for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi.
Pakistani school girls pray for the Malala's recovery on Wednesday. Over the weekend, the teen moved her limbs after doctors "reduced sedation to make a clinical assessment," military spokesman Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa said.Pakistani school girls pray for the Malala's recovery on Wednesday. Over the weekend, the teen moved her limbs after doctors "reduced sedation to make a clinical assessment," military spokesman Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa said.
A Pakistani female covers her face during prayers in Karachi on Wednesday.A Pakistani female covers her face during prayers in Karachi on Wednesday.
Pakistani civil society activists carry banners in Islamabad on Wednesday as they shout ant-Taliban slogans during a protest against the assassination attempt.Pakistani civil society activists carry banners in Islamabad on Wednesday as they shout ant-Taliban slogans during a protest against the assassination attempt.
Children of Pakistani journalists and civil society activists light candles in Islamabad on Wednesday.Children of Pakistani journalists and civil society activists light candles in Islamabad on Wednesday.
Pakistani Christians attend a mass prayer for the recovery of Malala at Fatima Church in Islamabad on Thursday.Pakistani Christians attend a mass prayer for the recovery of Malala at Fatima Church in Islamabad on Thursday.
Pakistani Christians attend a mass praying for the recovery of Malala at a church in Lahore on Sunday.Pakistani Christians attend a mass praying for the recovery of Malala at a church in Lahore on Sunday.
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
Pakistanis pray for Malala Yousufzai's recovery
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Photos: Pakistanis pray for teen activist's recoveryPhotos: Pakistanis pray for teen activist's recovery

We have one chance left to deliver by 2015 our Millennium Development Goal promise that every young child will go to school. A new initiative, Education First, launched last month by U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, is bringing together every U.N. and World Bank institution concerned with education to work with governments to deliver new school places and train new teachers.

The idea is that each country prepares a national plan setting out its exact teacher needs and school-building and financing requirements for achieving this 2015 target of universal schooling. At the core of each plan should be strategies for policing an end to child labor, enforcing laws against child marriage, and clamping down on discrimination against girls.

Money set aside for more investment in teachers and training should extend to meeting the needs of the most marginalized -- 18 million blind and disabled boys and girls, as well as rural girls from poor households. A joint summit between the international agencies and governments, to be held in April in Washington, should agree how to overcome obstacles to delivery with precise plans, timetables and budgets.

But can the education of a child in a poor country be seen as a worthwhile investment for a citizen of a rich country?

Today just $3 billion of global aid goes to education, amounting to a meager, shameful $13.50 per child in Africa -- hardly enough to finance a textbook, far less a teacher or a school. By 2015, even that alarmingly small amount of aid will not be rising but falling.

No parent I know would conclude that the 25 cents a week we offered the developing world in educational aid per child is generous. The outpouring of public support for Malala -- and for a child's right to an education -- tells me that we can persuade not only governments but the public to give more.

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The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Gordon Brown.

Pakistani teen activist on way to Britain for treatment

Pakistani school girls pray for the recovery of teen activist Malala Yousufzai at their school in Peshawar on Friday, October 12. Malala, 14, was shot in the head by the Pakistan Taliban in an assassination attempt on Tuesday.Pakistani school girls pray for the recovery of teen activist Malala Yousufzai at their school in Peshawar on Friday, October 12. Malala, 14, was shot in the head by the Pakistan Taliban in an assassination attempt on Tuesday.
Pakistani hospital workers carry Malala on a stretcher at a hospital following the attack on Tuesday, October 9. Malala was shot in the head while riding home in a school van in the Taliban-heavy Swat Valley, officials said. Pakistani hospital workers carry Malala on a stretcher at a hospital following the attack on Tuesday, October 9. Malala was shot in the head while riding home in a school van in the Taliban-heavy Swat Valley, officials said.
Supporters hold portraits of Malala as they pray for her well-being in Karachi, Pakistan, on Wednesday. Malala gained fame for blogging about how girls should have rights in Pakistan, including the right to learn. Supporters hold portraits of Malala as they pray for her well-being in Karachi, Pakistan, on Wednesday. Malala gained fame for blogging about how girls should have rights in Pakistan, including the right to learn.
A Pakistani Muslim prays for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi. Malala, whose writing earned her Pakistan's first National Peace Prize, also encouraged young people to take a stand against the Taliban -- and to not hide in their bedrooms.A Pakistani Muslim prays for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi. Malala, whose writing earned her Pakistan's first National Peace Prize, also encouraged young people to take a stand against the Taliban -- and to not hide in their bedrooms.
A Pakistani youth places an oil lamp next to a photograph of Malala on Friday in Karachi.A Pakistani youth places an oil lamp next to a photograph of Malala on Friday in Karachi.
Supporters place candles to pay tribute to Malala in Islamabad on Wednesday.Supporters place candles to pay tribute to Malala in Islamabad on Wednesday.
A Pakistani female activist holds a photograph of Malala and prays for her recovery in Islamabad on Saturday.A Pakistani female activist holds a photograph of Malala and prays for her recovery in Islamabad on Saturday.
Pakistani students pray for Malala at a school in Mingora on Thursday.Pakistani students pray for Malala at a school in Mingora on Thursday.
Pakistani Muslims bow their heads and pray for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi.Pakistani Muslims bow their heads and pray for Malala during Friday prayers in Karachi.
Pakistani school girls pray for the Malala's recovery on Wednesday. Over the weekend, the teen moved her limbs after doctors "reduced sedation to make a clinical assessment," military spokesman Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa said.Pakistani school girls pray for the Malala's recovery on Wednesday. Over the weekend, the teen moved her limbs after doctors "reduced sedation to make a clinical assessment," military spokesman Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa said.
A Pakistani female covers her face during prayers in Karachi on Wednesday.A Pakistani female covers her face during prayers in Karachi on Wednesday.
Pakistani civil society activists carry banners in Islamabad on Wednesday as they shout ant-Taliban slogans during a protest against the assassination attempt.Pakistani civil society activists carry banners in Islamabad on Wednesday as they shout ant-Taliban slogans during a protest against the assassination attempt.
Children of Pakistani journalists and civil society activists light candles in Islamabad on Wednesday.Children of Pakistani journalists and civil society activists light candles in Islamabad on Wednesday.
Pakistani Christians attend a mass prayer for the recovery of Malala at Fatima Church in Islamabad on Thursday.Pakistani Christians attend a mass prayer for the recovery of Malala at Fatima Church in Islamabad on Thursday.
Pakistani Christians attend a mass praying for the recovery of Malala at a church in Lahore on Sunday.Pakistani Christians attend a mass praying for the recovery of Malala at a church in Lahore on Sunday.
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  • NEW: Her family's wishes have been taken into consideration, the Pakistani military says
  • Doctors are "pleased" with Malala Yousufzai's condition, it says
  • She is being sent to a British facility specializing in care for children with severe injuries
  • Malala was targeted by the Taliban after defiantly insisting on her right to go to school

Islamabad, Pakistan (CNN) -- Malala Yousufzai, the Pakistani schoolgirl activist shot in the head by the Taliban, is on her way to Britain for treatment as she struggles to recover from her injuries, the Pakistani military said Monday.

The flight taking Malala, 14, from the military hospital in the town of Rawalpindi to an as yet undisclosed location in Britain is expected to take about eight hours, said military spokesman Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa.

"The medical team is pleased with her present condition which has been described as optimal," the military said in a statement Monday. That provided the window of opportunity to transfer her to a facility in Britain specializing in care for children with severe injuries, it said.

Malala has gained renown in Pakistan and around the globe for her efforts defending the right of girls to go to school where she lives, the Taliban-heavy Swat Valley.

She was riding home in a school van Tuesday in the tense region, which sits along the Afghan border, when gunmen jumped into the vehicle and demanded to know which girl she was. Her horrified classmates pointed to her, and the men fired. Two other girls were wounded, but not seriously.

Malala was rushed to a hospital in the northwestern city of Peshawar where doctors worked to tackle the swelling of her brain and removed a bullet lodged in her neck. She was then moved to a military hospital in Rawalpindi, near Islamabad, which has a specialized pediatric intensive care unit.

The decision to send her to Britain was based on the expectation that she will need to have the damaged bones in her skull repaired or replaced, as well as intensive neurological rehabilitation, the military said Monday.

Malala's family was consulted on the matter "and their wishes were also taken into consideration," it said.

The young and unlikely activist rose to prominence for blogging about how girls should have rights in Pakistan, including the right to learn. She spoke out in a region of the country where support for Islamic fundamentalism runs high.

"I have the right of education," she said in a CNN interview last year. "I have the right to play. I have the right to sing. I have the right to talk. I have the right to go to market. I have the right to speak up."

Malala, whose writing earned her Pakistan's first National Peace Prize, also encouraged young people to take a stand against the Taliban -- and to not hide in their bedrooms.

Police have detained and questioned scores of people in efforts to find her attackers.

The Taliban, who say no girl should be educated, have claimed responsibility for the shooting. They have threatened to go after Malala again if she survives.

"We do not tolerate people like Malala speaking against us," Taliban spokesman Ihsanullah Ihsan said.

In the wake of the shooting, the teenage activist has come to symbolize a struggle in Pakistan between freedom and oppression, violence and peace.

On her blog, Malala often wrote about her life in Swat Valley, a hotbed of militant activity.

The valley near the Afghanistan border once attracted tourists to Pakistan's only ski resort, as well as visitors to the ancient Buddhist ruins in the area. But that was before militants -- their faces covered -- unleashed a wave of violence in 2003.

They demanded veils for women, beards for men and a ban on music and television. They allowed boys' schools to operate but closed those for girls.

But young Malala defied the Taliban edict, demanding an education.

For that, she got a bullet to the head -- and the attention of much of the world.

Crews search for two hikers in Glacier National Park

Glacier National Park

Jason Hiser and Neal Peckens, both 32, went missing in Glacier National Park last week; search crews continue to comb the area.

By NBC News

Crews searching for two hikers who went missing in Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana have found tracks and a recently-used fire ring they believe are connected to the two men.

Relatives of 32-year-old Neal Peckens of Virginia and 32-year-old Jason Hiser of Maryland reported the pair missing when they failed to catch their flights home to the East Coast. According to their back country permits, they were scheduled to return to a park trail head on Wednesday, completing a 17-mile loop.

Park rangers found the hikers' vehicle on Friday and started their search Saturday, according to a statement from Glacier National Park. The park also solicited help from people on social media and posted "missing" posters on Facebook.


On Sunday, 50 park rangers combed the area on foot and horseback but encountered tough weather conditions. Snow drifts, strong winds and limited visibility hindered the search effort, according to a statement released Sunday by the national park. In some areas, searchers came up against 18 inches of snow on the ground.

"The area they are working in is very steep and exposed," Glacier National Park spokeswoman Denise Germann told The Associated Press. "It's right along the Continental Divide, and it's very windy.

The tracks and the fire ring were found on the west side of the Continental Divide -- notably treacherous terrain, the park statement said.

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Search for UNH student's body put on hold

Steve Lanava / AP

From left, Meghan Hoyt of Westboro, Elizabeth "Lizzi" Marriott's best friend, and Sue Gendron, also of Westboro, attend a candlelight vigil on Saturday night at the Bay State Commons for Marriott. A man has been charged with second-degree murder in Marriott's death though her body is yet to be found.

By NBC News staff and news services

The search for the body of a 19-year-old University of New Hampshire student was suspended Sunday ahead of the arraignment for a martial arts instructor who's been charged in her death, a prosecutor said.

A ground and water search on and around Peirce Island in Portsmouth, N.H., was put on hold Sunday, Senior Assistant Attorney General Jane Young said, according to The Associated Press. She said officials will discuss the next "viable step" in the search on Monday, the same day 29-year-old Seth Mazzaglia of Dover is arraigned in connection with the death of Elizabeth "Lizzi" Marriott.


Mazzaglia was charged Saturday with second-degree murder, but Marriott's body has not been located. Marriott was from Westborough, Mass., and had been living with an aunt in Chester, N.H., and commuting to the university in Durham.

Assistant District Attorney James C. Vara would not comment on how cooperative Mazzaglia had been after his arrest or how investigators were led to the Peirce Island. The island which is about 100 feet off the coast of Portsmouth and is connected by road to the mainland, the Boston Globe reported.

Mazzaglia and Marriott met last summer when both were working at a Target store in Greenland, N.H., Marriott's aunt, Rebecca Tyning, told the Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Young confirmed they knew each other, but she declined to say whether they worked together.

"There was familiarity between them," Young said.

Marriott, a marine biology major, was last heard from on Tuesday.

She attended class that night and made plans to visit friends in Dover. Her cellphone was used that night, according to fliers family members posted around town. Her car was later found in a campus parking lot in Durham.

Watch US News crime videos on NBCNews.com

AP

Seth Mazzaglia is charged in the death of Elizabeth

Friends and family have described Marriott as a fun-loving, trusting young woman with a wide circle of friends who was active in chorus and a prom queen in high school. She loved animals, volunteered at the New England Aquarium and was helping put herself through school by working at Target, friends said.

"This evil act will not define Lizzi," the Rev. John Taylor, pastor of the First United Methodist Church in Westborough, told his congregation on Sunday, the Worcester Telegram & Gazette reported.

"We will remember her smiling and laughing." 

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At a vigil in Westborough on Saturday night, her father choked back tears while speaking to the hundreds who had gathered, calling his daughter an angel and saying she's now in heaven.

Mazzaglia graduated from the University of New Hampshire in 2006 with a degree in theater. Friends have said they were shocked to hear of his arrest.

A person named Seth Mazzaglia was listed in a short newspaper article as one of 18 graduates last December from the Portsmouth Police Department's Citizens Police Academy, a program that aims to bring citizens closer to police and raise public awareness about crime prevention techniques. The academy's director, Sgt. Tom Grella, could not be reached for comment Sunday.

Mazzaglia was being held at the Strafford County House of Correction in Dover on Sunday. It was unclear whether he had an attorney, but Young said she expected him to have one appointed in time for Monday's hearing.

The Associated Press contributed to this story.

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Worker cooked to death at seafood plant

By NBC News staff

California workplace safety officials are investigating how a worker at a Bumble Bee Foods seafood plant wound up being cooked to death in an industrial oven.

The accident happened Thursday morning at the Bumble Bee Foods factory in Santa Fe Springs, Calif., KTLA.com reported.

Police and fire personnel, responding to a 911 call from the business, found a worker dead inside a cooking device called a "steamer machine," according to KTLA.


The victim was identified as Jose Malena, 62, an employee at the factory for more than six years.

An initial investigation indicated that Malena "was fatally injured when he was cooked in an oven," California Division of Occupational Safety and Health spokeswoman Erika Monterroza told the Whittier Daily News.

Cal-OSHA is trying to determine how the man wound up in the oven and whether there were any workplace safety regulatory violations.

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"The entire Bumble Bee Foods family is saddened by the tragic loss of our colleague, and our thoughts and prayers are with the Melena family," Bumble Bee Foods spokesman Pat Menke said in a statement to KTLA.

Operations at the plant were suspended until Monday.

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Plan to honor Confederate spy splits town

The story of David O. Dodd is relatively unknown outside of Arkansas, but the teenage spy who chose to hang rather than betray the Confederate cause is a folk hero to many in his home state.

Street signs and an elementary in the state capital have long borne Dodd's name, and admirers gather at his grave each year to pay tribute to Dodd's life and death.

"Everyone wants to remember everything else about the Civil War that was bad," said one of them, W. Danny Honnoll. "We want to remember a man that stood for what he believed in and would not tell on his friends."

A state commission's decision, though, to grant approval for yet another tribute to Dodd has revived an age-old question: Should states still look for ways to commemorate historical figures who fought to defend unjust institutions?

"(Dodd) already has a school. I don't know why anything else would have to be done to honor him," James Lucas Sr., a school bus driver, said near the state Capitol in downtown Little Rock.

Arkansas' complicated history of race relations plays out on the Capitol grounds. A stone and metal monument that's stood for over a century pays tribute to the Arkansas men and boys who fought for the Confederacy and the right to own slaves. Not far away, nine bronze statues honor the black children who, in 1957, needed an Army escort to enter what had been an all-white school.

The newest nod to Dodd would mark a site across town where he was detained after Union soldiers found encoded notes on him about their troop locations. Dodd was convicted of spying and sentenced to death, and legend has it he refused an offer to walk free in exchange for the name of the person who gave him the information.

"He was barely 17 years old when the Yankees hung him" on Jan. 8, 1864, Honnoll said. "Yeah, he was spying, but there (were) other people that spied that they didn't hang."

Dodd is certainly not the only teenager to die in the war or even the lone young martyr, said Carl Moneyhon, a University of Arkansas at Little Rock history professor.

"If you start talking about the 16-, 17- and 18-year-olds who were killed in battle, the number is infinite," Moneyhon said. "There are tens of thousands of them. They become unremarkable."

So it seems all the more curious that some have come to portray Dodd as Arkansas' boy martyr.

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"It's part of the romanticizing of the Civil War that began in the 1880s and the 1890s, that looks for ... what could be called heroic behavior to celebrate in a war filled with real horrors," Moneyhon said.

And it's caught on, though many question why.

"It's a very sad story, but at the end of the day, Dodd was spying for the Confederacy, which was fighting a war to defend the institution of slavery," said Mark Potok, a senior fellow at the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Sharon Donovan — who lives on West David O. Dodd Road (there's an East David O. Dodd Road, too) — said she wouldn't mind another Dodd namesake in her neighborhood.

"The fact that we live in the South, I could understand why he would want to do it because he was actually working for us in a way. ... For that era, I think it was probably a noble thing to do," Donovan said.

About a half-mile away, a banner outside an elementary school proclaims, "David O. Dodd Committed to Excellence." A doormat bearing Dodd's name shows a black boy smiling next to a few white ones. About half of the school's 298 students last year were black and only 27 were white.

Jerry Hooker, who graduated from Central High School years after the desegregation standoff over the Little Rock Nine, lives at the site where he says Dodd was detained almost a century and a half ago. The Arkansas Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission approved his application and agreed to chip in $1,000 for the marker noting the spot's historical significance.

Hooker, 59, said the move to commemorate Dodd is not about honoring slavery, but about remembering the past.

"I don't think it has a thing to do with race whatsoever," Hooker said. "He was a 17-year-old kid with a coded message in his boot that had enough of whatever it is in him that he didn't squeal on his sources."

Still, in a city that stripped "Confederate Blvd." from its interstate highway signs shortly before dignitaries arrived in town for the opening of Bill Clinton's presidential library, the question remains: Should Dodd's name be etched into another piece of stone or metal for posterity's sake?

"There are currently more monuments to David O. Dodd than any other war hero in Arkansas," Potok said. "You would think that at some point it would be enough."

Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Obama to 'come out swinging' at debate

  • Campaign adviser says Obama knows "he has to be more energetic" at the next debate
  • The debate format will let undecided voters ask questions to candidates directly
  • Both candidates skipped campaigning Sunday to prepare for their next face-off
  • The debate Tuesday will focus on domestic and foreign policy issues

Washington (CNN) -- After near-universal bad reviews of his first presidential debate with Mitt Romney, President Barack Obama will bring more energy and passion to his second showdown with the GOP nominee, advisers to the president said Sunday.

Yet the come-out-swinging attitude many Democrats crave could be hindered by the debate's town hall format, which requires a likability factor not completely compatible with aggressive attacks.

The forum, to be moderated by CNN chief political correspondent Candy Crowley on Tuesday, will force both candidates to be at once personable and vigorous in their rebuttals. On Sunday, Obama aides said Obama's subdued, languid performance two weeks ago would be replaced by a candidate intent on calling out what he sees as inconsistencies and straight-up lies from his opponent.

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"He knew when he walked off that stage (of the first debate), and he also knew as he watched the tape of that debate, that he has to be more energetic," Robert Gibbs, an Obama campaign adviser and former White House press secretary, said on CNN's "State of the Union."

David Axelrod, another Obama campaign adviser and former White House official, said on "Fox News Sunday" that Obama would be "aggressive in making the case for his view of where we should go as a country."

Romney adviser Ed Gillespie, also speaking on "State of the Union," said a shift in style wouldn't win Obama any points from an electorate looking at the past four years.

"The president can change his style. He can change his tactics. He can't change his record. He can't change his policies. That's what this election is about," Gillespie said.

Sen. Rob Portman, who is playing Obama in Romney's debate rehearsals, said the Republican team was ready and expecting Obama to take a more aggressive stance Tuesday.

5 things we learned from the first presidential debate

"I think President Obama is going to come out swinging," Portman said on ABC's "This Week." "He's going to compensate for a poor first debate. And I think that will be consistent with what they've been doing this whole campaign, which is running a highly negative ad campaign. They've spent hundreds of millions around the country, including a lot in Ohio, mischaracterizing Gov. Romney's positions and misrepresenting him. I think you'll see that again on Tuesday night."

For Obama, some of that newfound aggression could come from a series of campaign attacks that went unused in his first showdown with Romney, including bringing up Romney's remark that 47% of Americans are dependent on government support and his tenure as chief executive of Bain Capital, a private equity firm.

Romney's personal income tax returns could also surface during Tuesday's debate. Obama's campaign released a television spot on Friday casting the 14% effective rate Romney paid in 2011 as unfairly low for a man worth hundreds of millions of dollars.

All of those topics are part of Obama's regular stump speech, and many Democrats were puzzled and upset that Obama did not mention them during the first debate, leaving him exposed to attacks from Romney without using any of his own trail-tested retorts.

Unlike Obama, Vice President Joe Biden used the "47%" remark to chastise Romney during his debate with the GOP nominee's running mate, Paul Ryan, saying Romney's opposition to the auto industry bailout was reflected in the Republican's comments.

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Gibbs and Axelrod foreshadowed a president more intent on fact-checking Romney in Tuesday's debate. In the days following the first showdown, Obama slammed Romney at campaign rallies as being dishonest about his record and proposals, though he did not make those claims during the debate itself.

"If Mitt Romney puts up his hands and says, 'I don't have a $5 trillion tax cut, I don't want to cut taxes on the very wealthy,' absolutely -- I think the president will walk through for voters in that room, that are going to be undecided, exactly what the Romney campaign wants to do and why it's bad for this country," Gibbs said.

The town hall setup of the debate, which will give Obama and Romney the chance to speak to both the moderator and undecided voters, could prove to be a barrier to a full-scale assault on Romney's record, however. Strategists say that debate style requires a degree of likability from a candidate that is difficult to square with negative attacks.

"It requires very good interaction with those people and the ability to be able to connect. You have to be able to come across as very likable in a town hall," Republican strategist and CNN contributor Ana Navarro said, adding that one of Obama's strengths is his ability to communicate with average people.

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Coming across as likable -- while at the same time aggressively fact-checking his opponent -- could prove a challenge for the Democratic incumbent. Both Romney and Obama rarely narrate their own negative television ads, leaving the so-called "contrast" commercials to narrators.

And while both Obama and Romney can be aggressively negative at campaign rallies, they are not facing direct questions from voters in those settings.

The new debate setup led both candidates to skip any campaigning Sunday to spend time on debate preparations, Romney at his home in Massachusetts and Obama at a golf resort fronting the James River in Williamsburg, Virginia.

One advantage for the president may be lowered expectations after a maligned first debate, putting him in a position where even a modest improvement will be seen as a victory. The candidates will also be in a setting that even Republicans concede is not Romney's wheelhouse.

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"One of his big challenges during this entire campaign has been not being able to connect with the common man, woman, and child," Navarro said. "He's got to be able to come across as connecting, he's got to come across as genuine, as caring, as likable. I think we've seen a lot more of that from Mitt Romney in the last few days on the campaign."

Maria Cardona, a Democratic strategist and CNN contributor, said the setting plays to Obama's strengths.

"He will absolutely be able to draw from the energy of the public and the crowd, which we know he can really draw on so well. And I think also it will enable him to use a lot of the personal stories that he is so good at using on the stump," she said.

Romney, Ryan buoyed by debates

As Obama's surrogates on Sunday were previewing a shift to a more robust style, Romney's advisers were foreshadowing a foreign policy argument against the administration. Republicans have seized upon Biden's comments at last week's vice-presidential debate denying knowledge of requests for increased security at an American diplomatic post in Benghazi, Libya, ahead of the deadly attack there in September.

"Vice President Biden directly contradicted the sworn testimony of the State Department in the debate the other night. That led to another round of kind of nuancing by the White House," Gillespie said, adding: "There are inconsistencies here, and I think as Americans we deserve to know what really happened going into this attack."

Gibbs rejected the criticism, calling Republicans who disparage the White House response "wing-tipped cowboys" engaged in "shoot-from-the-hip diplomacy."

The town hall-style debate Tuesday will focus on both domestic and foreign policy issues, making it likely the Libya issue will arise during questioning from the audience of undecided voters.

Topics for third debate focus abroad

Complete coverage: Presidential debates

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CNN's Athena Jones contributed to this report.